{"id":"uis.uis-read-primary-lpia.esp.annual","dataset_id":"uis-read-primary-lpia","indicator":"uis-read-primary-lpia","geography":"ESP","frequency":"annual","unit":"parity index (1 = parity)","start_period":"2006","end_period":"2021","org":"UIS","original_indicator":"READ.PRIMARY.LPIA","url":"https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/indicators/READ.PRIMARY.LPIA","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T23:22:27+00:00","version":"1","geography_name":"Spain","region":"Europe & Central Asia","observations":[{"period":"2006","value":0.9483770132064819,"flags":""},{"period":"2011","value":1.019005298614502,"flags":""},{"period":"2016","value":0.9772990942001343,"flags":""},{"period":"2021","value":0.8650382431204606,"flags":""}],"indicator_name":"Proportion of students at the end of primary education achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in reading, adjusted location parity index","topic":"Education","source":"uis","provenance":{"organization":"UIS","original_indicator":"READ.PRIMARY.LPIA","url":"https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/indicators/READ.PRIMARY.LPIA","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T23:22:27+00:00","version":"1","license":"see source"}}