{"id":"worldbank.research-and-development-expenditure.esp.annual","dataset_id":"worldbank-research-and-development-expenditure","indicator":"research-and-development-expenditure","geography":"ESP","frequency":"annual","unit":"percent","start_period":"1996","end_period":"2023","org":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-05T23:59:57+00:00","version":"1","geography_name":"Spain","region":"Europe & Central Asia","observations":[{"period":"1996","value":0.78795,"flags":""},{"period":"1997","value":0.77825,"flags":""},{"period":"1998","value":0.8487,"flags":""},{"period":"1999","value":0.83921,"flags":""},{"period":"2000","value":0.88315,"flags":""},{"period":"2001","value":0.88838,"flags":""},{"period":"2002","value":0.95947,"flags":""},{"period":"2003","value":1.0232,"flags":""},{"period":"2004","value":1.04013,"flags":""},{"period":"2005","value":1.09866,"flags":""},{"period":"2006","value":1.17567,"flags":""},{"period":"2007","value":1.23823,"flags":""},{"period":"2008","value":1.32156,"flags":""},{"period":"2009","value":1.35898,"flags":""},{"period":"2010","value":1.35436,"flags":""},{"period":"2011","value":1.32726,"flags":""},{"period":"2012","value":1.29268,"flags":""},{"period":"2013","value":1.26864,"flags":""},{"period":"2014","value":1.23401,"flags":""},{"period":"2015","value":1.21165,"flags":""},{"period":"2016","value":1.1808,"flags":""},{"period":"2017","value":1.20198,"flags":""},{"period":"2018","value":1.23288,"flags":""},{"period":"2019","value":1.24207,"flags":""},{"period":"2020","value":1.39637,"flags":""},{"period":"2021","value":1.39617,"flags":""},{"period":"2022","value":1.40684,"flags":""},{"period":"2023","value":1.49362,"flags":""}],"indicator_name":"Research and development expenditure","topic":"Science","source":"worldbank","provenance":{"organization":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-05T23:59:57+00:00","version":"1","license":"see source"}}