{"id":"worldbank.research-and-development-expenditure.fra.annual","dataset_id":"worldbank-research-and-development-expenditure","indicator":"research-and-development-expenditure","geography":"FRA","frequency":"annual","unit":"percent","start_period":"1996","end_period":"2023","org":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","geography_name":"France","region":"Europe & Central Asia","observations":[{"period":"1996","value":2.23224,"flags":""},{"period":"1997","value":2.15216,"flags":""},{"period":"1998","value":2.10343,"flags":""},{"period":"1999","value":2.1165,"flags":""},{"period":"2000","value":2.10066,"flags":""},{"period":"2001","value":2.1494,"flags":""},{"period":"2002","value":2.18758,"flags":""},{"period":"2003","value":2.13086,"flags":""},{"period":"2004","value":2.10438,"flags":""},{"period":"2005","value":2.05599,"flags":""},{"period":"2006","value":2.05331,"flags":""},{"period":"2007","value":2.02815,"flags":""},{"period":"2008","value":2.06363,"flags":""},{"period":"2009","value":2.21273,"flags":""},{"period":"2010","value":2.17771,"flags":""},{"period":"2011","value":2.18761,"flags":""},{"period":"2012","value":2.22761,"flags":""},{"period":"2013","value":2.23369,"flags":""},{"period":"2014","value":2.27173,"flags":""},{"period":"2015","value":2.22401,"flags":""},{"period":"2016","value":2.22468,"flags":""},{"period":"2017","value":2.20422,"flags":""},{"period":"2018","value":2.20407,"flags":""},{"period":"2019","value":2.19668,"flags":""},{"period":"2020","value":2.2742,"flags":""},{"period":"2021","value":2.21278,"flags":""},{"period":"2022","value":2.21937,"flags":""},{"period":"2023","value":2.17832,"flags":""}],"indicator_name":"Research and development expenditure","topic":"Science","source":"worldbank","provenance":{"organization":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","license":"see source"}}