{"id":"worldbank.research-and-development-expenditure.ind.annual","dataset_id":"worldbank-research-and-development-expenditure","indicator":"research-and-development-expenditure","geography":"IND","frequency":"annual","unit":"percent","start_period":"1996","end_period":"2020","org":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","geography_name":"India","region":"South Asia","observations":[{"period":"1996","value":0.63905,"flags":""},{"period":"1997","value":0.68669,"flags":""},{"period":"1998","value":0.70378,"flags":""},{"period":"1999","value":0.72413,"flags":""},{"period":"2000","value":0.75699,"flags":""},{"period":"2001","value":0.73591,"flags":""},{"period":"2002","value":0.72567,"flags":""},{"period":"2003","value":0.71929,"flags":""},{"period":"2004","value":0.7569,"flags":""},{"period":"2005","value":0.82411,"flags":""},{"period":"2006","value":0.80473,"flags":""},{"period":"2007","value":0.80507,"flags":""},{"period":"2008","value":0.85876,"flags":""},{"period":"2009","value":0.83314,"flags":""},{"period":"2010","value":0.78849,"flags":""},{"period":"2011","value":0.75502,"flags":""},{"period":"2012","value":0.74399,"flags":""},{"period":"2013","value":0.70642,"flags":""},{"period":"2014","value":0.70158,"flags":""},{"period":"2015","value":0.6931,"flags":""},{"period":"2016","value":0.66984,"flags":""},{"period":"2017","value":0.66603,"flags":""},{"period":"2018","value":0.66001,"flags":""},{"period":"2019","value":0.65942,"flags":""},{"period":"2020","value":0.64558,"flags":""}],"indicator_name":"Research and development expenditure","topic":"Science","source":"worldbank","provenance":{"organization":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","license":"see source"}}