{"id":"worldbank.research-and-development-expenditure.ita.annual","dataset_id":"worldbank-research-and-development-expenditure","indicator":"research-and-development-expenditure","geography":"ITA","frequency":"annual","unit":"percent","start_period":"1996","end_period":"2023","org":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","geography_name":"Italy","region":"Europe & Central Asia","observations":[{"period":"1996","value":0.94421,"flags":""},{"period":"1997","value":0.98522,"flags":""},{"period":"1998","value":1.00275,"flags":""},{"period":"1999","value":0.97865,"flags":""},{"period":"2000","value":1.00104,"flags":""},{"period":"2001","value":1.03714,"flags":""},{"period":"2002","value":1.07704,"flags":""},{"period":"2003","value":1.05539,"flags":""},{"period":"2004","value":1.04662,"flags":""},{"period":"2005","value":1.04057,"flags":""},{"period":"2006","value":1.07903,"flags":""},{"period":"2007","value":1.12421,"flags":""},{"period":"2008","value":1.15548,"flags":""},{"period":"2009","value":1.21261,"flags":""},{"period":"2010","value":1.21296,"flags":""},{"period":"2011","value":1.19531,"flags":""},{"period":"2012","value":1.25559,"flags":""},{"period":"2013","value":1.29425,"flags":""},{"period":"2014","value":1.33148,"flags":""},{"period":"2015","value":1.33213,"flags":""},{"period":"2016","value":1.35915,"flags":""},{"period":"2017","value":1.36393,"flags":""},{"period":"2018","value":1.41934,"flags":""},{"period":"2019","value":1.45558,"flags":""},{"period":"2020","value":1.49869,"flags":""},{"period":"2021","value":1.41065,"flags":""},{"period":"2022","value":1.36563,"flags":""},{"period":"2023","value":1.37935,"flags":""}],"indicator_name":"Research and development expenditure","topic":"Science","source":"worldbank","provenance":{"organization":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","license":"see source"}}