{"id":"worldbank.research-and-development-expenditure.jpn.annual","dataset_id":"worldbank-research-and-development-expenditure","indicator":"research-and-development-expenditure","geography":"JPN","frequency":"annual","unit":"percent","start_period":"1996","end_period":"2023","org":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","geography_name":"Japan","region":"East Asia & Pacific","observations":[{"period":"1996","value":2.64303,"flags":""},{"period":"1997","value":2.72177,"flags":""},{"period":"1998","value":2.82745,"flags":""},{"period":"1999","value":2.84672,"flags":""},{"period":"2000","value":2.85841,"flags":""},{"period":"2001","value":2.92348,"flags":""},{"period":"2002","value":2.96514,"flags":""},{"period":"2003","value":2.99319,"flags":""},{"period":"2004","value":2.98125,"flags":""},{"period":"2005","value":3.13092,"flags":""},{"period":"2006","value":3.22766,"flags":""},{"period":"2007","value":3.29257,"flags":""},{"period":"2008","value":3.29224,"flags":""},{"period":"2009","value":3.1959,"flags":""},{"period":"2010","value":3.10495,"flags":""},{"period":"2011","value":3.20537,"flags":""},{"period":"2012","value":3.1737,"flags":""},{"period":"2013","value":3.27895,"flags":""},{"period":"2014","value":3.36788,"flags":""},{"period":"2015","value":3.24071,"flags":""},{"period":"2016","value":3.10665,"flags":""},{"period":"2017","value":3.16636,"flags":""},{"period":"2018","value":3.2192,"flags":""},{"period":"2019","value":3.21824,"flags":""},{"period":"2020","value":3.26556,"flags":""},{"period":"2021","value":3.27383,"flags":""},{"period":"2022","value":3.40053,"flags":""},{"period":"2023","value":3.44125,"flags":""}],"indicator_name":"Research and development expenditure","topic":"Science","source":"worldbank","provenance":{"organization":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","license":"see source"}}