{"id":"worldbank.research-and-development-expenditure.kaz.annual","dataset_id":"worldbank-research-and-development-expenditure","indicator":"research-and-development-expenditure","geography":"KAZ","frequency":"annual","unit":"percent","start_period":"1997","end_period":"2024","org":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","geography_name":"Kazakhstan","region":"Europe & Central Asia","observations":[{"period":"1997","value":0.29337,"flags":""},{"period":"1998","value":0.22039,"flags":""},{"period":"1999","value":0.18383,"flags":""},{"period":"2000","value":0.18104,"flags":""},{"period":"2001","value":0.22009,"flags":""},{"period":"2002","value":0.25509,"flags":""},{"period":"2003","value":0.25246,"flags":""},{"period":"2004","value":0.24837,"flags":""},{"period":"2005","value":0.28361,"flags":""},{"period":"2006","value":0.24281,"flags":""},{"period":"2007","value":0.20884,"flags":""},{"period":"2008","value":0.21654,"flags":""},{"period":"2009","value":0.22924,"flags":""},{"period":"2010","value":0.15341,"flags":""},{"period":"2011","value":0.15349,"flags":""},{"period":"2012","value":0.16525,"flags":""},{"period":"2013","value":0.17132,"flags":""},{"period":"2014","value":0.16722,"flags":""},{"period":"2015","value":0.16951,"flags":""},{"period":"2016","value":0.14179,"flags":""},{"period":"2017","value":0.12667,"flags":""},{"period":"2018","value":0.11683,"flags":""},{"period":"2019","value":0.11841,"flags":""},{"period":"2020","value":0.12602,"flags":""},{"period":"2021","value":0.13023,"flags":""},{"period":"2022","value":0.11715,"flags":""},{"period":"2023","value":0.14449,"flags":""},{"period":"2024","value":0.16242,"flags":""}],"indicator_name":"Research and development expenditure","topic":"Science","source":"worldbank","provenance":{"organization":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","license":"see source"}}