{"id":"worldbank.research-and-development-expenditure.mdg.annual","dataset_id":"worldbank-research-and-development-expenditure","indicator":"research-and-development-expenditure","geography":"MDG","frequency":"annual","unit":"percent","start_period":"1997","end_period":"2017","org":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","geography_name":"Madagascar","region":"Sub-Saharan Africa ","observations":[{"period":"1997","value":0.18325,"flags":""},{"period":"1998","value":0.0938,"flags":""},{"period":"1999","value":0.08342,"flags":""},{"period":"2000","value":0.10032,"flags":""},{"period":"2001","value":0.18175,"flags":""},{"period":"2002","value":0.20173,"flags":""},{"period":"2003","value":0.2907,"flags":""},{"period":"2004","value":0.1926,"flags":""},{"period":"2005","value":0.15096,"flags":""},{"period":"2006","value":0.14119,"flags":""},{"period":"2007","value":0.12091,"flags":""},{"period":"2008","value":0.11764,"flags":""},{"period":"2009","value":0.13054,"flags":""},{"period":"2010","value":0.09903,"flags":""},{"period":"2011","value":0.09067,"flags":""},{"period":"2014","value":0.01321,"flags":""},{"period":"2016","value":0.01264,"flags":""},{"period":"2017","value":0.01275,"flags":""}],"indicator_name":"Research and development expenditure","topic":"Science","source":"worldbank","provenance":{"organization":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","license":"see source"}}