{"id":"worldbank.research-and-development-expenditure.mng.annual","dataset_id":"worldbank-research-and-development-expenditure","indicator":"research-and-development-expenditure","geography":"MNG","frequency":"annual","unit":"percent","start_period":"1997","end_period":"2022","org":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","geography_name":"Mongolia","region":"East Asia & Pacific","observations":[{"period":"1997","value":0.16786,"flags":""},{"period":"1998","value":0.16643,"flags":""},{"period":"1999","value":0.15016,"flags":""},{"period":"2000","value":0.18757,"flags":""},{"period":"2001","value":0.26749,"flags":""},{"period":"2002","value":0.25173,"flags":""},{"period":"2003","value":0.2518,"flags":""},{"period":"2004","value":0.26777,"flags":""},{"period":"2005","value":0.23775,"flags":""},{"period":"2006","value":0.19121,"flags":""},{"period":"2007","value":0.23827,"flags":""},{"period":"2008","value":0.33667,"flags":""},{"period":"2009","value":0.30478,"flags":""},{"period":"2010","value":0.24438,"flags":""},{"period":"2011","value":0.23054,"flags":""},{"period":"2012","value":0.23913,"flags":""},{"period":"2013","value":0.23246,"flags":""},{"period":"2014","value":0.2234,"flags":""},{"period":"2015","value":0.1564,"flags":""},{"period":"2016","value":0.18346,"flags":""},{"period":"2017","value":0.1342,"flags":""},{"period":"2018","value":0.10161,"flags":""},{"period":"2019","value":0.0927,"flags":""},{"period":"2020","value":0.13301,"flags":""},{"period":"2021","value":0.10008,"flags":""},{"period":"2022","value":0.08365,"flags":""}],"indicator_name":"Research and development expenditure","topic":"Science","source":"worldbank","provenance":{"organization":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","license":"see source"}}