{"id":"worldbank.research-and-development-expenditure.nld.annual","dataset_id":"worldbank-research-and-development-expenditure","indicator":"research-and-development-expenditure","geography":"NLD","frequency":"annual","unit":"percent","start_period":"1996","end_period":"2023","org":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","geography_name":"Netherlands","region":"Europe & Central Asia","observations":[{"period":"1996","value":1.83733,"flags":""},{"period":"1997","value":1.84171,"flags":""},{"period":"1998","value":1.73966,"flags":""},{"period":"1999","value":1.81986,"flags":""},{"period":"2000","value":1.78907,"flags":""},{"period":"2001","value":1.79214,"flags":""},{"period":"2002","value":1.73931,"flags":""},{"period":"2003","value":1.77665,"flags":""},{"period":"2004","value":1.78132,"flags":""},{"period":"2005","value":1.7667,"flags":""},{"period":"2006","value":1.73208,"flags":""},{"period":"2007","value":1.66063,"flags":""},{"period":"2008","value":1.61247,"flags":""},{"period":"2009","value":1.65161,"flags":""},{"period":"2010","value":1.69388,"flags":""},{"period":"2011","value":1.8651,"flags":""},{"period":"2012","value":1.90094,"flags":""},{"period":"2013","value":2.13953,"flags":""},{"period":"2014","value":2.15067,"flags":""},{"period":"2015","value":2.11792,"flags":""},{"period":"2016","value":2.11546,"flags":""},{"period":"2017","value":2.14167,"flags":""},{"period":"2018","value":2.1027,"flags":""},{"period":"2019","value":2.14036,"flags":""},{"period":"2020","value":2.26514,"flags":""},{"period":"2021","value":2.21542,"flags":""},{"period":"2022","value":2.17529,"flags":""},{"period":"2023","value":2.26719,"flags":""}],"indicator_name":"Research and development expenditure","topic":"Science","source":"worldbank","provenance":{"organization":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","license":"see source"}}