{"id":"worldbank.research-and-development-expenditure.pol.annual","dataset_id":"worldbank-research-and-development-expenditure","indicator":"research-and-development-expenditure","geography":"POL","frequency":"annual","unit":"percent","start_period":"1996","end_period":"2023","org":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","geography_name":"Poland","region":"Europe & Central Asia","observations":[{"period":"1996","value":0.6369,"flags":""},{"period":"1997","value":0.641,"flags":""},{"period":"1998","value":0.65746,"flags":""},{"period":"1999","value":0.67786,"flags":""},{"period":"2000","value":0.63806,"flags":""},{"period":"2001","value":0.61861,"flags":""},{"period":"2002","value":0.55501,"flags":""},{"period":"2003","value":0.53626,"flags":""},{"period":"2004","value":0.54999,"flags":""},{"period":"2005","value":0.56121,"flags":""},{"period":"2006","value":0.54899,"flags":""},{"period":"2007","value":0.56103,"flags":""},{"period":"2008","value":0.59719,"flags":""},{"period":"2009","value":0.65932,"flags":""},{"period":"2010","value":0.72252,"flags":""},{"period":"2011","value":0.74726,"flags":""},{"period":"2012","value":0.88476,"flags":""},{"period":"2013","value":0.8807,"flags":""},{"period":"2014","value":0.9454,"flags":""},{"period":"2015","value":0.99807,"flags":""},{"period":"2016","value":0.9616,"flags":""},{"period":"2017","value":1.03055,"flags":""},{"period":"2018","value":1.19426,"flags":""},{"period":"2019","value":1.3088,"flags":""},{"period":"2020","value":1.37128,"flags":""},{"period":"2021","value":1.41558,"flags":""},{"period":"2022","value":1.44162,"flags":""},{"period":"2023","value":1.55525,"flags":""}],"indicator_name":"Research and development expenditure","topic":"Science","source":"worldbank","provenance":{"organization":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","license":"see source"}}