{"id":"worldbank.research-and-development-expenditure.tun.annual","dataset_id":"worldbank-research-and-development-expenditure","indicator":"research-and-development-expenditure","geography":"TUN","frequency":"annual","unit":"percent","start_period":"2002","end_period":"2019","org":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","geography_name":"Tunisia","region":"Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan","observations":[{"period":"2002","value":0.54302,"flags":""},{"period":"2003","value":0.65044,"flags":""},{"period":"2004","value":0.73095,"flags":""},{"period":"2005","value":0.71195,"flags":""},{"period":"2006","value":0.67729,"flags":""},{"period":"2007","value":0.6654,"flags":""},{"period":"2008","value":0.63933,"flags":""},{"period":"2009","value":0.70644,"flags":""},{"period":"2010","value":0.65806,"flags":""},{"period":"2011","value":0.67458,"flags":""},{"period":"2012","value":0.64937,"flags":""},{"period":"2013","value":0.637,"flags":""},{"period":"2014","value":0.61988,"flags":""},{"period":"2015","value":0.59413,"flags":""},{"period":"2016","value":0.56539,"flags":""},{"period":"2017","value":0.69953,"flags":""},{"period":"2018","value":0.71645,"flags":""},{"period":"2019","value":0.74658,"flags":""}],"indicator_name":"Research and development expenditure","topic":"Science","source":"worldbank","provenance":{"organization":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","license":"see source"}}