{"id":"worldbank.research-and-development-expenditure.tur.annual","dataset_id":"worldbank-research-and-development-expenditure","indicator":"research-and-development-expenditure","geography":"TUR","frequency":"annual","unit":"percent","start_period":"1996","end_period":"2023","org":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","geography_name":"Türkiye","region":"Europe & Central Asia","observations":[{"period":"1996","value":0.45159,"flags":""},{"period":"1997","value":0.49168,"flags":""},{"period":"1998","value":0.36198,"flags":""},{"period":"1999","value":0.45557,"flags":""},{"period":"2000","value":0.46558,"flags":""},{"period":"2001","value":0.52247,"flags":""},{"period":"2002","value":0.50904,"flags":""},{"period":"2003","value":0.46532,"flags":""},{"period":"2004","value":0.49713,"flags":""},{"period":"2005","value":0.56381,"flags":""},{"period":"2006","value":0.55292,"flags":""},{"period":"2007","value":0.68616,"flags":""},{"period":"2008","value":0.68741,"flags":""},{"period":"2009","value":0.80363,"flags":""},{"period":"2010","value":0.79369,"flags":""},{"period":"2011","value":0.79393,"flags":""},{"period":"2012","value":0.82595,"flags":""},{"period":"2013","value":0.81206,"flags":""},{"period":"2014","value":0.8564,"flags":""},{"period":"2015","value":0.96732,"flags":""},{"period":"2016","value":1.11979,"flags":""},{"period":"2017","value":1.17632,"flags":""},{"period":"2018","value":1.27093,"flags":""},{"period":"2019","value":1.3196,"flags":""},{"period":"2020","value":1.36748,"flags":""},{"period":"2021","value":1.40209,"flags":""},{"period":"2022","value":1.32342,"flags":""},{"period":"2023","value":1.42224,"flags":""}],"indicator_name":"Research and development expenditure","topic":"Science","source":"worldbank","provenance":{"organization":"World Bank","original_indicator":"GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS","url":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2","retrieved_at":"2026-11-07T07:57:03+00:00","version":"1","license":"see source"}}